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[Agents]·PAP-6HBRQV·March 17, 2026

Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun et al.

4 min readAgentsTool Use

Core Insight

Codex rewrites the future of code with a 70.2% success rate, leaving GPT-3's 0% in the dust.

Origin Story

arXiv preprintOpenAIMark Chen, Jerry Tworek et al.

The Room

At OpenAI, a small group of researchers sits hunched over keyboards, cups of coffee cooling beside them. The lab hums with the faint buzz of computers, a sound that mirrors the electric tension in the air. They are puzzled by GPT-3's limitations with code, wondering if there’s a way to teach a machine the nuances of programming languages.

The Bet

While others believed language models were for text, this team gambled on the idea that code is just another language. They trained models on vast reams of code, hoping to unlock programming potential. There were moments of doubt, especially when early models failed to compile simple snippets. Yet they pressed on, convinced that code could be cracked by the same abstractions that worked for prose.

The Blast Radius

Without this paper, Copilot might still be a sci-fi dream. Software development workflows would be less efficient, lacking the AI-driven assistance that has become standard. Key authors found themselves at the forefront of AI-assisted programming, some continuing at OpenAI, others influencing tech across the globe.

CopilotChatGPT Code Interpreter

Knowledge Prerequisites

git blame for knowledge

To fully understand Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code, trace this dependency chain first. Papers in our library are linked — click to read them.

DIRECT PREREQIN LIBRARY
Attention Is All You Need

This paper introduces the transformer architecture, a foundational framework for understanding how language models, including those trained on code, process sequential data.

transformer architectureself-attentionpositional encodings
DIRECT PREREQIN LIBRARY
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Understanding BERT's architecture and bidirectional training is essential for grasping the evolution of large language models and their training methodologies.

bidirectional transformerpre-trainingmasked language model
DIRECT PREREQIN LIBRARY
Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback

This paper discusses techniques for training models with human feedback, which is crucial for understanding how models handle tasks like code generation.

instruction tuninghuman feedbacklanguage model fine-tuning
DIRECT PREREQIN LIBRARY
GPT-4 Technical Report

The technical report on GPT-4 provides insights into large-scale language models, which is necessary for understanding advancements in models trained on code.

GPT architecturescaling lawsfew-shot learning
DIRECT PREREQIN LIBRARY
Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCode

This paper offers a detailed example of a language model specifically focused on code generation, a crucial aspect for evaluating language models trained on code.

code synthesislanguage model evaluationprogramming competitions

YOU ARE HERE

Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

In Plain English

Codex, a GPT model fine-tuned on GitHub code, solves 70.2% of Python tasks with multiple samples. This dwarfs GPT-3’s 0% performance.

Explained Through an Analogy

Codex is like a magic pen for programmers, transforming vague ideas into robust code with the flair of a skilled artisan. It doesn’t just write; it anticipates the next brushstroke, turning a sketch into a masterpiece.

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How grounded is this content?

Metrics are computed from available source text only — abstract, summary, and impact fields ingested into this system. Full paper PDF is not ingested; numerical claims that originate from within the paper body will not appear in these scores.

Source Richness88%

7 of 8 content fields populated. More fields = better-grounded generation.

Source Depth~249 words

Total source text analyzed by the model. Includes extended deep-dive summary — high confidence.

Methodology: Number grounding uses regex digit extraction against source text. Quote traceability uses token set intersection on content words stripped of stop-words. Neither metric validates semantic correctness or factual accuracy against the original paper. For full verification, cross-reference with the original paper via the arXiv link above.